Lesson planning is the very foundation to the profession of teaching. For both teachers and students to be successful Lessing plans need to be clear, concise, and engaging. If any lesson plans have these three foundations it would be a more comfortable experience for both students and teachers. Lesson plans set forth guidelines and standards to ensure that the Lesson plan is being effective.

Every lesson must be tied to a standard or an objective. These standards or objective have one sole purpose to help students understand the “why”, why are they learning this or what is this lesson trying to accomplish. This is called the essential standard which is the main goal of the lesson. Lessons also serve two purposes, the first purpose is to establish some form of standard or connection with schoolwork, while the other purpose is to connect the students to something that they can relate to in the real world. When students can relate a lesson back to the real world this is called the central focus. At the conclusion of a lesson students should be able to think about the lesson on a deeper level, student should be able to complete a certain task about the lesson and apply the lesson to the real world.

When students think of something on a deeper level this is referred to as Blooms taxonomy. This model places learning objectives into six different categories differentiating on complexity. As issues and ideas become more complex students should be able to provide more information and go more into detail about any given topic. Within a lesson plan, there should always be a tangible goal that students should be able to perform. This is called a behavioral learning objective which focuses on both tangible and measurable goals that students should comfortably be able to form once a lesson is complete. When lessons conclude, students should be able to apply certain aspects from the lesson to the real world. This idea is called 21st century skills. These skills can range from critical thinking to communicating within a group setting.

Language and vocabulary are the foundation to any successful Lesson plan. Within a Lesson plan there should always be keywords or key phrases that have an emphasis of importance on the topics within the lesson. The vocabulary and language should go hand in hand with not only enhancing the student’s ability to comprehend but to also improve the student’s overall vocabulary and diction.

The first assignment or the introductory assignment is considered the lesson launch. The purpose of this assignment is to set a foundation for what the Lesson plan will be. The next part other Lesson plan is the teacher teaching the concept. During this stage of lesson planning teachers can use other resources and materials to help students better understand the topic. Some of these resources are PowerPoints, videos or books. After the teacher is done teaching, students will be given opportunity to apply their knowledge to the topic. These activities are best done individually so that the teacher can see the effects. Some students will grab concepts faster than others so it's best to take the information from the independent practices to see what area needs to be reinforced. Once all these tasks within the Lesson plan are complete, the lesson will be reviewed to see what concepts the students were able to retain versus which concepts needs to be reinforced.

Assessments are meant to be done at the end of a Lesson plan to see which information about a concept was retained. An informal assessment is usually not taken for a grade versus a formal assessment is taken for a grade. The best informal assessment is more of an exit ticket whereas a formal assessment is a test. Now in my opinion the most effective form of an assessment is more of a round table or some form of talking within the classroom. Students gain anxiety from these assessments which can be seen in some students results.

Assessment plays a role in both lesson planning and instruction by providing insights into students' understanding, guiding instructional decisions, and ensuring that learning objectives are met. Assessments provides teachers with the opportunity to see what students know and areas in which students can improve. The results from assessments can be used to inform future lesson planning.

Summative assessments are used to evaluate and summarize students’ learning at the end of an instructional period.Formative assessments are used to monitor and improve student learning during the instructional process. Test that are used for a grade are considered to be summative assessments. Whereas formative are to provide a learning opportunity. 

Using rubrics as assessment tools are beneficial because rubrics provide clear criteria and standards for evaluation, ensuring that assessments are consistent and transparent. Students understand what is expected and how their work will be judged. This also benefits the teachers because the rubric would show  the teachers' expectations. The disadvantage of using rubrics limits students creativity. Rubrics force students to become narrow minded in their work. 

Inclusion 

It is important to encourage, honor, and celebrate diversity in schools to allow all students to have a sense of belonging. Being exposed to these diverse cultures allows for the learning experience to be better. As the world becomes more connected through globalization, understanding and appreciating diversity are essential skills. 

The role of culture in the classroom is to be respected. Every culture is different and meant to be treated as such. If a teacher adopts a certain culture in their classroom, that culture should respected all of their students culture. Acknowledging and respecting cultural differences allows for  mutual respect among students.

Some things that I could do to ensure that there is an increasing culture of diversity is to include materials, texts, and examples that reflect a range of cultures, histories, and viewpoints. A teacher could also use language that is inclusive and respectful of all cultures. Create a safeplace for all students to feel respected. 

Differentiation is necessary to meet the academic, social, and emotional needs of students. To differentiate instruction would be through group work or discussing. The goal is to force students to engage through ways that they are uncomfortable and to also push them. 

I chose :Verbal and Visual word association because it allows students to use word associates and create pictures that would help them retain the information. In the example that I used the word that was chosen was cell. The visual representation depicts the image of the cell.  By understanding the definition the students would then be able to have some form of personal associate with the word.